• A - F
• G - L
• M - R
• S - Z

Acoustic Neuroma

Also known as a vestibular schwannoma; a benign brain tumor. It is made up of a growth of myelin-forming cells on cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve).
• Brain Tumor Institute

Acquired Arterial Venous Fistula

The abnormal flow of blood from the artery to the vein.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Adult Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) is an abnormal increase of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain's ventricles, or cavities. It occurs if the normal flow of CSF throughout the brain and spinal cord is blocked in some way. This causes the ventricles to enlarge, putting pressure on the brain.
• Neurosurgery Program

Alzheimer's Disease

A progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by abnormal clumps (amyloid plaques) and tangled bundles of fibers (neurofibrillary tangles) composed of misplaced proteins in the brain. It results in memory loss, language deterioration, impaired ability to mentally manipulate visual information, poor judgment, confusion, restlessness, and mood swings.
• Neurodegenerative Program

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig's Disease

A rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells (neurons) responsible for controlling voluntary muscles.In ALS, both the upper motor neurons and the lower motor neurons degenerate or die, ceasing to send messages to muscles. Unable to function, the muscles gradually weaken, waste away, and twitch. Eventually the ability of the brain to start and control voluntary movement is lost.
• Neuromuscular Program

Aneurysm

The dilation, bulging, or ballooning out of part of the wall of an artery.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Anoxia/Hypoxia Brain Injury

Refers to a condition in which there is a decrease of oxygen supply to the brain even though there is adequate blood flow. Drowning, strangling, choking, suffocation, cardiac arrest, head trauma, carbon monoxide poisoning, and complications of general anesthesia can create conditions that can lead to cerebral hypoxia. When hypoxia lasts for longer periods of time, it can cause coma, seizures, and even brain death.
• Brain Injury Program

Aphasia

A term used to describe damage to the portions of the brain that are responsible for language. Primary signs of the disorder include difficulty in expressing oneself when speaking, trouble understanding speech, and/or difficulty with reading and writing. Aphasia is not a disease, but a symptom of brain injury.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Aquaductal Stenosis

One of the most common causes of hydrocephalus. In this case, hydrocephalus results from a narrowing of the aqueduct of Sylvius, a small passage between the third and fourth ventricles in the middle of the brain.
• Pediatric Neuroscience Program

Arnold-Chiari Syndrome

A Chiari Malformation which is a structural defect in the cerebellum (the part of the brain that controls balance). When the indented bony space at the lower rear of the skull is smaller than normal, the cerebellum and brainstem can be pushed downward. The resulting pressure on the cerebellum can block the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (the liquid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord) and can cause a range of symptoms.
• Chiari Institute

Arteriosclerotic Dementia

Also known as vascular dementia, arteriosclerotic dementia disrupts the normal blood flow to the brain, as well as the cognitive functions in the patient. Blood vessels narrow or become completely blocked, reducing the amount of blood received by the brain.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are defects of the circulatory system that are generally believed to arise during embryonic or fetal development or soon after birth. Although AVMs can develop in many different sites, those located in the brain or spinal cord can have especially widespread effects on the body. Most people with neurological AVMs experience few, if any, significant symptoms.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Arthritis of Neck & Back

Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis.It results in pain, swelling and reduced motion any of the joints of your body, in particular the neck or back.
• Spine Program

Astrocytomas

Astrocytomas are the most common type of gliomas. They start in the brain cells called astrocytes and can occur in most parts of the brain and occasionally in the spinal cord. They are most commonly found in the cerebrum.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Ataxia

Occurs when parts of the nervous system that control movement are damaged. People with ataxia experience a failure of muscle control in their arms and legs, resulting in a lack of balance and coordination or a disturbance of gait. While the term ataxia is primarily used to describe this set of symptoms, it is sometimes also used to refer to a family of disorders.
• Vestibular Balance Program

Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes (APS)

Many relatively uncommon disorders may have symptoms that overlap with the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. These disorders are often referred to as "Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes" or "Parkinson's Plus" syndromes. Like Parkinson's, they often have tremors, stiffness and slowness and may even respond to the same anti-Parkinson's medications. Some of these disorders include Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Multiple Systems Atrophy, Corticobasal Ganglionic Degeneration, And Diffuse Lewy Body Disease.
• Movement Disorders Institute

Autistic Spectrum Disorders

A group of developmental disorders of which Autism is the most common type.
• Pediatric Neuroscience Program

Back Pain

Acute or short-term low back pain generally lasts from a few days to a few weeks. Most acute back pain is the result of trauma to the lower back or a disorder such as arthritis. Pain from trauma may be caused by a sports injury, work around the house or in the garden, or a sudden jolt such as a car accident or other stress on spinal bones and tissues.
• Spine Program

Basilar Artery Migraine

A complicated yet uncommon type of migraine which results in brain stem dysfunction and can lead to stroke or coma.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Behavioral Disorders

Also known as conduct disorder, it can be the result numerous abnormalities within the brain.
• Behavioral Disorders Program

Bell's Palsy

A form of temporary facial paralysis resulting from damage or trauma to one of the two facial nerves. It is the most common cause of facial paralysis. Generally, Bell's palsy affects only one of the paired facial nerves and one side of the face, however, in rare cases, it can affect both sides.
• Neuromuscular Program

Benign Brain Tumors

A benign brain tumor consists of very slow growing, harmless cells, that have distinct boundaries and very rarely spread.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Blepharospasm

A focal dystonia that is limited mainly to the muscles around the eyes and can cause forceful closure of the eyes, especially when the eyes are exposed to bright light.
• Movement Disorders Institute

Brachial Neuritis

This particular syndrome affects the lower motor neurons and/or certain nerves located in the shoulder area (brachial plexus). The patient may feel shoulder pain and may experience paralysis within the shoulder muscles a few days after the onset of pain.
• Neuromuscular and Peripheral Nerve Disease Program

Brachial Plexus Lesion

Brachial plexus is a network of nerves that conducts signals from the spine to the shoulder, arm, and hand. Brachial plexus lesions can result in a limp or paralyzed arm; lack of muscle control in the arm, hand, or wrist; and a lack of feeling or sensation in the arm or hand.
• Neuromuscular and Peripheral Nerve Disease Program

Brain Aneurysm

A cerebrovascular disorder which causes the dilation, bulging or ballooning of the wall of an artery in the brain.It typically will go undetected until it ruptures and causes a subarachnoid hemorrhage.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Brain Cancer

A brain tumor or cancer is typically categorized as primary or secondary. Primary brain tumors originate in the brain and can be benign or malignant. Secondary brain tumors (metastatic) are malignant and more common.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Brain Hemorrhage

Bleeding in the brain caused by the rupture of a blood vessel within the head.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Brain Stem Gliomas

Typically seen in children, this is a tumor involving the brain stem.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Carotid Artery Dissection

The carotid arteries, located in the front of the neck, are the main supplier of blood to the brain. When the lining of the artery ruptures and breaks, blood leaks into the artery wall and may cause clotting within the artery.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Carotid Artery Stenosis

Stenosis of the carotid artery occurs when atherosclerotic plaques and fatty material build up on the inside of the artery wall and reduce blood flow to the brain.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Carotid Body Tumor

This vascular tumor, also known as a chemodectoma, originates from the external layer of the carotid artery and extends into the internal and external carotid arteries.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Carotid Cavernous Fistula

A carotid cavernous fistula develops when there is an abnormal connection between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus vein located behind the eye.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A typically painful and progressive condition caused by compression of the median nerve in the forearm into the hand.
• Neuromuscular and Peripheral Nerve Disease Program

Caverous Angioma

Also known as a Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM); it is a collection of small blood vessels (capillaries) in the central nervous system (CNS) that is enlarged and irregular in structure and takes the shape ofa characteristic honeycomb-like pattern. It can cause headaches, stroke, seizures, or neurological deficits.It may however have no symptoms at all.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Cerebral Aneurysm

A cerebrovascular disorder which causes the dilation, bulging or ballooning of the wall of an artery in the brain.It typically will go undetected until it ruptures and causes a subarachnoid hemorrhage.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation

An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is an abnormal tangle of blood vessels within the brain or spinal cord. An AVM may cause either seizures or a hemorrhage but will usually go undetected until the symptoms occur unless an MRI or CT scan was performed for some other reason such as trauma or unrelated headaches.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Cerebral Edema

Edema or swelling which is caused by a surplus of fluid located in the intra and extracellular spaces of the brain.
• Brain Injury Program

Cerebral Hemorrhage

A type of stroke; it occurs when a defective artery in the brain bursts, flooding the surrounding tissue with blood.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Cerebral Ischemia

Low blood flow and poor oxygen delivery to brain tissue injuring the portion of the neuron that transmits impulses for normal brain function.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Cerebral Palsy

The term cerebral palsy refers to any one of a number of neurological disorders that appear in infancy or early childhood and permanently affects body movement and muscle coordination but don't worsen over time. Even though cerebral palsy affects muscle movement, it isn't caused by problems in the muscles or nerves. It is caused by abnormalities in parts of the brain that control muscle movements.
• Pediatric Neuroscience Program

Cerebral Thrombosis

Also known as balloon embolization, cerebral thrombosis is a procedure performed on patients for whom surgery is too risky. This term may also be associated with the blocking of a blood vessel within the brain resulting in a stroke.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)

A clinical term used to describe a stroke. Stroke is now often referred to as a "brain attack" to denote the fact that it is caused by a lack of blood supply to the brain. It can be hemorrhagic or embolic in nature.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Cerebral Vascular Disease

This disease causes a significant decrease of blood flow to the brain, which may lead to a stroke when the blood flow is eventually cut off.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Cerebral Vasculitis

Vasculitis is an inflammation of the vascular system, in this particular case, within the cerebrum.The presence of inflammatory cells in and around blood vessels causes a narrowing or blockage of the blood vessels that nourish the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves. Symptoms include headaches; fever; rapid weight loss; and confusion or forgetfulness.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Cervical Disc Herniation

A protruding or bulging of the padded areas, called discs, between the vertebrae in the neck region.
• Spine Program

Cervical Myopathy

A neuromuscular disorder in the neck region that causes muscle weakness due to dysfunction of muscle fiber. Other symptoms of myopathy can include muscle cramps, stiffness, and spasm. Myopathies can be inherited (such as the muscular dystrophies) or acquired (such as common muscle cramps).
• Spine Program

Cervical Radiculopathy

Due to disc herniation and degeneration, patients experience pressure on the nerves branching from the spinal column to the arms.
• Spine Program

Cervical Spine Dysfunction

This dysfunction is the primary cause of neck pain in patients due to muscle spasms or malalignment within the joints of the spine.
• Spine Program

Cervical Spondylosis

Result of chronic degeneration of the cervical spine including the cushions between the neck vertebrae (cervical discs) and joints of the bones of the cervical spine. There may be abnormal growths or "spurs" on the vertebrae.
• Spine Program

Charcot Marie-Tooth Disease

Charcot Marie-Tooth Disease, also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) or peroneal muscular atrophy, comprises a group of disorders caused by mutations in genes that affect the normal function of the peripheral nerves. A typical feature includes weakness of the foot and lower leg muscles, which may result in foot drop and a high-stepped gait with frequent tripping or falls.
• Neuromuscular and Peripheral Nerve Disease Program

Chiari Malformations (Adult and Pediatric)

Chiari Malformations (CMs) are structural defects in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance.Normally the cerebellum and parts of the brainstem sit in an indented space at the lower rear of the skull, above the foramen magnum (a funnel-like opening to the spinal canal). When part of the cerebellum is located below the foramen magnum, it is called a Chiari malformation.
• Chiari Institute

Chordomas

Chordomas are rare congenital tumors which develop from remnants of the flexible spine-like structure that forms and dissolves early in fetal development (and is later replaced by the bones of the spine). Chordomas often occur near the top or the bottom of the spine, outside the dura mater, and can invade the spinal canal and skull cavity.
• Spine Program

Choroid Plexus Carcinoma

This is a malignant type of the choroid plexus papilloma that occurs generally in children. The tumor develops in the cavities within the brain where cerebrospinal fluid is located.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Choroid Plexus Papilloma

This rare, usually benign childhood tumor develops slowly and can increase the production and block the flow of CSF. It causes symptoms that include headaches and increased intracranial pressure.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Coma

A coma is a profound or deep state of unconsciousness. An individual in a state of coma is alive but unable to move or respond to his or her environment. Coma may occur as a complication of an underlying illness, or as a result of injuries, such as head trauma.
• Brain Injury Program

Conversion Disorder

A psychiatric disorder with neurological symptoms such as weakness, numbness or paralysis however there is no neurological explanation. Typically thought to be the result of difficulties in the patient's life.
• Behavioral Disorders Program

Convulsions

Convulsions, or seizures, are caused by involuntary muscle spasms, generally due to abnormal neural activity.
• Comprehensive Epilepsy Centers

Corticobasal Ganglionic Degeneration

Parkinson-like symptoms along with trouble controlling hand movements and performing certain tasks.
• Movement Disorders Institute

Craniopharyngioma

Craniopharyngiomas, like chordomas, develop from cells left over from early fetal development. They often grow at the base of the brain, near the brain's pituitary gland (which releases chemicals important for the body's growth and metabolism), and may also affect the optic nerve and surrounding tissue. Craniopharyngiomas usually affect young children and adolescents.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Craniosynostosis

Craniosynostosis is a birth defect of the brain characterized by the premature closure of one or more of the fibrous joints between the bones of the skull (called the cranial sutures) before brain growth is complete. Closure of a single suture is most common. The abnormally shaped skull that results is due to the brain not being able to grow in its natural shape because of the closure. Instead it compensates with growth in areas of the skull where the cranial sutures have not yet closed. The condition can be gene-linked, or caused by metabolic diseases, such as rickets or an overactive thyroid.
• Pediatric Neuroscience Program

Degenerative Disease

A degenerative disease, like Alzheimer's disease, gradually disrupts the normal function of tissues and organs within the body.
• Neurodegenerative Program

Dementia

A descriptive term for a collection of symptoms that can be caused by a number of disorders that affect the brain. Patients lose their ability to solve problems and maintain emotional control.They may experience personality changes and behavioral problems, such as agitation, delusions, and hallucinations.
• Neurodegenerative Program

Demyelinating Neuropathy

The myelin sheath that covers the axon of a neuron, and assists in the conduction of impulses from one neuron to the next, gradually disappears, leaving significantly slower nerve conduction in response to stimuli.
• Neurodegenerative Program

Diffuse Lewy Body Disease

Parkinson-like symptoms with significant memory troubles.
• Movement Disorders Institute

Diplopia

Otherwise known as double vision, it is a symptom which result when images from the left and right eye fail to fuse together to form one image.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Disk Buldging

In between each vertebrae of the spine is a soft material called a disc which helps provide cushion and flexibility to the spine. From physical stress or trauma it can bulge outward from its usual shape and size applying pressure on an adjacent nerve causing pain.
• Spine Program

Disk Herniation

In between each vertebrae of the spine is a soft material called a disc which helps provide cushion and flexibility to the spine. A tear in the outer ring of the disc can result in the escape of the center portion (known as the nucleus pulposus). This can result in inflammation and compression of the spinal nerves.
• Spine Program

Discitis

The swelling and inflammation of the disc in the space between the bone structures of the spine.
• Spine Program

Distal Muscular Dystrophy

Also known as distal myopathy, Distal Muscular Dystrophy (MD) primarily affects the distal muscles (those farthest away from the shoulders and hips) in the forearms, hands, lower legs, and feet. Distal dystrophies are typically less severe, progress more slowly, and involve fewer muscles than other forms of MD, although they can spread to other muscles. Distal MD can affect the heart and respiratory muscles. In one form of distal MD, a muscle membrane protein complex called dysferlin is known to be lacking.
• Neuromuscular and Peripheral Nerve Disease Program

Double Vision

Otherwise known as diplopia, it is a symptom which result when images from the left and right eye fail to fuse together to form one image.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Dural Arteriovenous Fistula

An abnormal connection between the arteries and veins of the dura mater which is the membrane surrounding the brain causes gradual impairment.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Dystonia

The dystonias are movement disorders in which sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures. The movements, which are involuntary and sometimes painful, may affect a single muscle; a group of muscles such as those in the arms, legs, or neck; or the entire body.
• Movement Disorders Institute

Embolism (Cerebral)

A blood clot from one part of the body that is carried by the bloodstream to the brain where it blocks an artery.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Encephalitis

An inflammatory disease of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
• Brain Injury Program

Encephalopathy

Encephalopathy is a term for any diffuse disease of the brain that alters brain function or structure. Encephalopathy may be caused by an infectious agent (bacteria or virus), metabolic dysfunction, brain tumor resulting in an increased pressure on the skull, prolonged exposure to toxic elements, chronic progressive trauma, poor nutrition, or lack of oxygen or blood flow to the brain.
• Brain Injury Program

Ependymoma

Ependymomas usually affect children and develop from cells that line the cavities of the brain and spinal canal. These tumors can also spread along the spinal canal.Most ependymomas are benign.
• Brain Injury Program

Epilepsy (Convulsive and Non-Convulsive)

Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain sometimes signal abnormally. In epilepsy, the normal pattern of neuronal activity becomes disturbed, causing strange sensations, emotions, and behavior. Convulsions, or muscle spasms may occur during the seizure period.
• Comprehensive Epilepsy Centers

Epilepsy (Intractable and Non-Intractable)

Seizure activity which is not affected or controlled by medication.
• Comprehensive Epilepsy Centers

Epilepsy (Partial and Partial Intractable)

A partial epilepsy, or a focal seizure, affects only one portion of the brain resulting in localized seizure activity.
• Comprehensive Epilepsy Centers

Essential Tremor

Tremor is an unintentional, somewhat rhythmic, muscle movement involving to-and-fro movements (oscillations) of one or more parts of the body. Although it may be mild and nonprogressive in some people, in others the tremor is slowly progressive, starting on one side of the body but eventually affecting both sides.
• Movement Disorders Institute

Facial Nerve Disorder

Due to injury or health ailments, nerves in the face can be damaged, causing paralysis or involuntary movements. Weakness, drooling, and speech difficulty are some of the many symptoms of facial nerve disorders.
• Neuromuscular and Peripheral Nerve Disease Program

Facial Palsy

Otherwise known as Bell's palsy; a form of temporary facial paralysis resulting from damage or trauma to one of the two facial nerves. It is the most common cause of facial paralysis. Generally, Bell's palsy affects only one of the paired facial nerves and one side of the face, however, in rare cases, it can affect both sides.
• Neuromuscular and Peripheral Nerve Disease Program

Fibromuscular Dysplasia

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is the abnormal development or growth of cells in the walls of arteries which cause the vessels to narrow. Arteries within the brain and kidneys can be affected. A characteristic "string of beads" pattern caused by the alternating narrowing and enlarging of the artery can be seen on angiogram.
• Neuromuscular and Peripheral Nerve Disease Program

Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia, also called fibrositis, is a chronic, widespread pain in muscles and soft tissues surrounding the joints throughout the body, accompanied by fatigue. Although its symptoms are similar to other joint diseases, such as arthritis, fibromyalgia is actually a form of soft tissue or muscular rheumatism that causes pain in the muscles and soft tissues.
• Pain Program

Friedreich's Ataxia

Friedreich's Ataxia is an inherited disease which results in that causes progressive damage to the nervous system resulting in muscle weakness and speech problems, difficulty walking, and heart disease.
• Vestibular Balance Program

Ganglioneuroma

Usually a benign tumor located in the peripheral portion of the nervous system. The tumor progresses slowly and may discharge hormones or other chemicals in the process.
• Neuromuscular and Peripheral Nerve Disease Program

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)

A malignant, highly invasive tumor which can spread quickly and potentially recur following initial treatment.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Glioma (Astrocytoma/Oligodendroglioma)

A type of cancer which originates from the glial cells of the brain or spine. The brain is the most common site.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Glomus Tumor

A tumor that arises within the glomus (chemoreceptor) cells. Such cells regulate breathing by surveillancing the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the bloodstream and signalling the brain of any changes.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia

A rare pain syndrome that affects the glossopharyngeal nerve (the ninth cranial nerve that lies deep within the neck) and causes sharp, stabbing pulses of pain in the back of the throat and tongue, the tonsils, and the middle ear. The excruciating pain of GN can last for a few seconds to a few minutes, and may return multiple times in a day or once every few weeks. GN can be caused by compression of the glossopharyngeal nerve, but in some cases, no cause is evident. Like trigeminal neuralgia, it is associated with multiple sclerosis.GN primarily affects the elderly.
• Pain Program

Head Injury (Closed)

A head injury is a broad term that describes a vast array of injuries that occur to the scalp, skull, brain, and underlying tissue and blood vessels in the head. Head injuries are also commonly referred to as brain injury, or traumatic brain injury (TBI), depending on the extent of the head trauma.
• Neurorehabilitation Program

Headache & Facial Pain (Cephalgia)

A common condition which is often self limited. It can be the result of stress, eye strain, dehydration, low blood sugar or a sinus infection.
• Headache Center

Hematoma (Epidural)

Epidural hematomas occur when a blood clot forms underneath the skull, but on top of the dura, the tough covering that surrounds the brain. They usually come from a tear in an artery that runs just under the skull called the middle meningeal artery. Epidural hematomas are usually associated with head trauma.
• Neurosurgery Program

Hematoma (Subdural)

Subdural hematomas occur when a blood clot forms underneath the skull and underneath the dura, but outside of the brain. These can form from a tear in the veins that go from the brain to the dura, or from a cut on the brain itself. They are sometimes, but not always, associated with head trauma.
• Neurosurgery Program

Hemifacial Spasm

Hemifacial spasm is a neuromuscular disorder characterized by frequent involuntary contractions of the muscles on one side of the face. The first symptom is usually an intermittent twitching of the eyelid muscle that can lead to forced closure of the eye. The spasm may then gradually spread to involve the muscles of the lower face, which may cause the mouth to be pulled to one side.
• Neuromuscular and Peripheral Nerve Disease Program

Hemiparesis

Hemiparesis is the weakening of either the left or right side of the body.
• Neurorehabilitation Program

Hemorrhage (Epidural)

Due to injury, blood vessels may tear and cause blood to spill into the space located between the dura and skull. Such blood will clot and cause increased pressure on the brain, leading to impaired cognitive and physical responses.
• Neurosurgery Program

Hemorrhage (Subarachnoid)

Bleeding in the subarachnoid space (the space between the brain and the membranes that cover the brain). Typically the result of a ruptured aneurysm.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Huntington's Disease

Huntington's Disease (HD) results from genetically programmed degeneration of brain cells, called neurons, in certain areas of the brain. This degeneration causes uncontrolled movements, loss of intellectual faculties, and emotional disturbance. HD is a familial disease, passed from parent to child through a mutation in the normal gene.
• Movement Disorders Institute

Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is a condition in which the primary characteristic is excessive accumulation of fluid in the brain. Although hydrocephalus was once known as "water on the brain," the "water" is actually cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); a clear fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The excessive accumulation of CSF results in an abnormal dilation of the spaces in the brain called ventricles. This dilation causes potentially harmful pressure on the tissues of the brain.
• Neurosurgery Program

Hyperhydrosis

Hyperhidrosis is a medical condition in which a person sweats excessively and unpredictably without any triggers.  People suffering from hyperhidrosis can sweat even when their body temperature is cool or when they resting.  Some people with hyperhidrosis seem to have overactive sweat glands, which can lead to both physical and emotional discomfort.
• Neurosurgery Program

Hyperreflexia

Patients suffering from hyperreflexia experience exaggerated reflexes and brisk jaw movement.
• Movement Disorders Institute

Intracerebral Hematoma

Also known as a contusion; an intracerebral hematoma is a bruise to the brain itself causing bleeding and swelling inside of the brain around the area where the head was struck.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Intracranial Hypertension

An increase in pressure in the cranium.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Kyphosis

Kyphosis is the forward bending of the upper spine.
• Spine Program

Lipomeningocele

An intraspinal lipoma seen with spina bifida.
• Pediatric Neuroscience Program

Low Back Pain

Acute or short-term low back pain generally lasts from a few days to a few weeks. Most acute back pain is the result of trauma to the lower back or a disorder such as arthritis. Pain from trauma may be caused by a sports injury, work around the house or in the garden, or a sudden jolt such as a car accident or other stress on spinal bones and tissues.
• Spine Program

Lumbar Disc Herniation

A protruding or bulging of the padded areas, called discs, between the vertebrae in the back region. Most of the time, disc disease comes as a result of aging and the degeneration that occurs within the disc. Occasionally, severe trauma can cause a normal disc to herniate. Trauma may also cause an already herniated disc to worsen.
• Spine Program

Malignant Brain Tumors

Malignant, or cancerous, tumors have cells that look different from normal cells. They can quickly invade surrounding tissue and often have edges that are hard to define, which makes it difficult to remove the entire tumor surgically.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Medulloblastoma

Represents more than 25 percent of all childhood brain tumors. They usually form in the cerebellum and can spread throughout the brain and along the spine.Most often these tumors are found in children under age 10.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Memory Disorder

Long or short term in nature.Seen with aging and Alzheimer's Disease.
• Neurodegenerative Program

Meningioma

Tumors that develop from the thin membranes, or meninges, that cover the brain and spinal cord. These benign tumors account for about 20 percent of all brain tumors and about 25 percent of all primary spinal cord tumors.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Metastatic Brain Tumor

Metastatic, or secondary, tumors in the central nervous system are caused by cancer cells that break away from the primary tumor that developed in a non-CNS part of the body.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Migraines

The pain of a migraine headache is often described as an intense pulsing or throbbing pain in one area of the head. It is often accompanied by extreme sensitivity to light and sound, nausea, and vomiting. Some individuals can predict the onset of a migraine because it is preceded by an "aura," visual disturbances that appear as flashing lights, zig-zag lines or a temporary loss of vision.
• Headache Center

Mild Brain Injury

A patient classified as having a mild brain injury presents the following symptoms: loss of consciousness and/or memory (immediately following the injury), or exhibits confusion or disorientation.
• Brain Injury Program

Motor Neuron Disease

The motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are a group of progressive neurological disorders that destroy cells that control essential muscle activity such as speaking, walking, breathing, and swallowing.
• Neuromuscular and Peripheral Nerve Disease Program

Movement Disorders

Neurological conditions that can result in loss of voluntary movement, spasticity, rigidity, tremor, involuntary movement and ataxia. Includes disorders such as Parkinson's Disease, Atypical Parkinsonian Syndrome, dystonia, Huntington's Disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and tremor.
• Movement Disorders Institute

Moyamoya Disease

Moyamoya disease is a rare, progressive cerebrovascular disorder caused by blocked arteries at the base of the brain in an area called the basal ganglia. The name "moyamoya" means "puff of smoke" in Japanese and describes the look of the tangle of tiny vessels formed to compensate for the blockage. Individuals with this disorder may have disturbed consciousness, speech deficits (usually aphasia), sensory and cognitive impairments, involuntary movements, and vision problems.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Multiple Sclerosis

An unpredictable disease of the central nervous system, multiple sclerosis (MS) can range from relatively benign to somewhat disabling to devastating, as communication between the brain and other parts of the body is disrupted.
• Neurodegenerative Program

Multiple Systems Atrophy

Parkinson-like symptoms with additional difficulties with balance or trouble regulating blood pressure and urine control.
• Movement Disorders Institute

Muscular Dystrophy

The muscular dystrophies (MD) are a group of more than 30 genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement.
• Neuromuscular and Peripheral Nerve Disease Program

Myalgia Myositis

Mytosis is a classification of various muscle diseases in which the degeneration or inflammation of the muscles occur. Myalgia, or muscle pain, is caused by the recurring use of particular muscles in the body.
• Pain Program

Myasthenia Gravis

A chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal (voluntary) muscles of the body. The hallmark of myasthenia gravis is muscle weakness that increases during periods of activity and improves after periods of rest. Myasthenia gravis is caused by a defect in the transmission of nerve impulses to muscles. Normally when impulses travel down the nerve, the nerve endings release a neurotransmitter substance called acetylcholine. In myasthenia gravis, antibodies produced by the body's own immune system block, alter, or destroy the receptors for acetylcholine.
• Neuromuscular and Peripheral Nerve Disease Program

Mycotic Aneurysm

Such an aneurysm results from an infection in the arterial wall which thus causes the wall to weaken and bulge outward.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Myoclonus

A sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles. In its simplest form, myoclonus consists of a muscle twitch followed by relaxation. A hiccup is an example of this type of myoclonus. Other familiar examples of myoclonus are the jerks or "sleep starts" that some people experience while drifting off to sleep.
• Neuromuscular and Peripheral Nerve Disease Program

Neck Pain

Pain that occurs in the area of the seven cervical vertebrae in the neck area. Because of its location and range of motion, the neck is often left unprotected and subject to injury. Pain in the back or neck area can be acute, which comes on suddenly and intensely, or chronic, which can last for weeks, months, or even years. The pain can be continuous or intermittent.
• Spine Program

Neoplasm (Benign, Metastatic, Cerebral, Cerebellum, Spinal Cord)

An abnormal growth of cells.
• Brain Tumor Institute
• Spine Program

Neuritis

Neuritis is the inflammation of the nerves in the peripheral nervous system.
• Pain Program

Neuroalgia

Neuralgia is a general term used to describe the onset of pain in a particular region.Common types are trigeminal neuralgia, atypical trigeminal neuralgia, and post-herpetic neuralgia.
• Pain Program

Neurofibromatosis

Genetic disorder of the nervous system that primarily affect the development and growth of neural (nerve) cell tissues. These disorders cause tumors to grow on nerves and produce other abnormalities such as skin changes and bone deformities.
• Neurodegenerative Program

Neuropathy

A general term used to describe the damage of neurons due to a myriad of causes, such as trauma or injury.
• Pain Program

Non-ruptured Cerebral Aneurysm

The dilation, bulging, or ballooning out of part of the wall of an artery in the brain.It typically will go undetected until it ruptures and causes a subarachnoid hemorrhage.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH)

Often referred to as "water on the brain" by the general public. It is a poorly understood syndrome where the cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord) does not drain properly. The result is a combination of memory trouble, gait difficulties and urinary incontinence. These symptoms sometimes can look like either Parkinson's or Alzheimer's.
• Movement Disorders Institute

Oligodendrogliomas

Oligodendroglimas develop from glial cells called oligodendrocytes within the brain.They help insulate the nerve fibers that transmit nerve impulses.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy (OPCA)

Degeneration of the cerebellum, pontine nuclei, and inferior olivary nucleus.
• Pediatric Neuroscience Program

Optic Nerve Glioma

A glioma found in or around the nerves that send messages from the eyes to the brain. They are frequently found in persons who have neurofibromatosis, a condition a child is born with that makes him/her more likely to develop tumors in the brain.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Orbital Tumors

These tumors grow within the region of the eye (orbit). The orbit, a bone structure, not only protects the eyeball but also permits the optic nerve to connect to the brain. Patients may experience a bulging surrounding the eye for this particular tumor.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Osteoarthritis

A musculoskeletal abnormality that can cause pain in adulthood. For example, the abnormal relationships between joint surfaces and excessive joint compression can lead to the early development of painful osteoarthritis and degenerative arthritis.
• Spine Program

Osteoporosis

A thinning of the bones that raises the vulnerability for bone fractures and weakness.
• Spine Program

Pain (Acute & Chronic)

Acute pain, for the most part, results from disease, inflammation, or injury to tissues. This type of pain generally comes on suddenly, for example, after trauma or surgery, and may be accompanied by anxiety or emotional distress. Chronic pain is widely believed to represent disease itself. It can be made much worse by environmental and psychological factors. Chronic pain persists over a longer period of time than acute pain and is resistant to most medical treatments. It can—and often does—cause severe problems for patients.
• Pain Program

Paralysis

The loss of motor functions and movement to an injured or affected area of the body.
• Neurorehabilitation Program

Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) belongs to a group of conditions called motor system disorders, which are the result of the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells. The four primary symptoms of PD are tremor, or trembling in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face; rigidity, or stiffness of the limbs and trunk; bradykinesia, or slowness of movement; and postural instability, or impaired balance and coordination.
• Movement Disorders Institute

Pediatric Acoustic Neuromas

Acoustic neuromas develop in the area where the brain is connected to the inner ear. The symptoms for acoustic neuromas are the inability of balance, coordination, or hearing.
• Pediatric Neuroscience Program

Peripheral Nerve Disorders

These disorders, affecting the nerves positioned outside of the brain and spinal cord and cause various disruptions and abnormalities in the signals from the brain to the body.
• Neuromuscular and Peripheral Nerve Disease Program

Peripheral Neuropathy/Myopathy

Peripheral neuropathy describes damage to the peripheral nervous system, which transmits information from the brain and spinal cord to every other parts of the body. Some people may experience temporary numbness, tingling, and pricking sensations, sensitivity to touch, or muscle weakness.
• Neuromuscular and Peripheral Nerve Disease Program

Pick's Disease

Originally known as Pick's Disease, frontotemporal dementia (FTD) describes a clinical syndrome associated with shrinking of the frontal and temporal anterior lobes of the brain.
• Neurodegenerative Program

Pineal Tumors

Tumors that form in the pineal gland which is an endocrine gland responsible for producing melatonin. Melatonin regulates a persons sleep and wake cycles.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Pituitary Adenoma

These small tumors form in the pituitary gland, which releases hormones that influence the body's growth, metabolism, and maturation. Most pituitary tumors are benign and their incidence increases with age. Pituitary tumors account for about 10 percent of all primary brain tumors.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Pituitary Tumor

The pituitary is a small, pea-sized gland that hangs from the hypothalamus, a structure at the base of the brain, by a thread-like stalk that contains both blood vessels and nerves. It controls a system of hormones in the body that regulate growth, metabolism, the stress response, and functions of the sex organs.A pituitary tumor is an abnormal growth of cells within the pituitary gland.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by three types of poliovirus. The poliovirus is a virus most recognized for its destruction to the nervous system, causing paralysis.
• Neuromuscular and Peripheral Nerve Disease Program

Primary Brain Tumor

Tumors of the brain which begin in the brain.They can be either malignant or benign and are identified by the types of cells they contain, their location, or both.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Primary CNS Lymphoma

Typically found in severely immunocompromised individuals.It is a primary brain tumor which is associated with the Epstein-Barr virus.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor

A rare tumor found in children which can be found in the central or peripheral nervous system.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

Parkinson-like symptoms along with eye movement abnormalities and trouble with balance and mood.
• Movement Disorders Institute

Pseudoaneurysm

Also known as a false aneurysm, a pseudoaneurysm is the expansion or dilation of some of the arterial wall layers rather than all.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Quadriplegia

Mainly due to spinal cord injury, a patient may experience quadriplegia, or the paralysis of both arms and legs.
• Neurorehabilitation Program

Restless Legs Syndrome

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder characterized by unpleasant sensations in the legs and an uncontrollable urge to move them for relief. Individuals affected with the disorder describe the sensations as burning, creeping, tugging, or like insects crawling inside the legs. The sensations range in severity from uncomfortable to irritating to painful.
• Movement Disorders Institute

Schwannoma

Tumors which arise from the cells that form the protective sheath around the body's nerve fibers.They are usually benign and are surgically removed when possible.One of the more common forms of schwannoma affects the eighth cranial nerve, which contains nerve cells important for balance and hearing.  Also known as vestibular schwannomas or acoustic neuromas, these tumors may grow on one or both sides of the brain.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Sciatica

Sciatica is a painful condition caused by pressure on the sciatic nerve, the main nerve that branches off the spinal cord and continues down into the thighs, legs, ankles, and feet. Sciatica is characterized by pain in the buttocks and can be caused by a number of factors. Exertion, obesity, and poor posture can all cause pressure on the sciatic nerve.
• Pain Program

Scoliosis

A normal spine, when viewed from behind, appears straight. With scoliosis the spine shows evidence of a lateral or sideways curvature and a rotation of the back bones (vertebrae), giving the appearance that the person is leaning to one side.
• Spine Program

Secondary Brain Tumor

Tumors in the brain which are caused by cancer cells that break away from the primary tumor that developed in a non-CNS part of the body.These tumors are named after the type of cancer that causes them. (See Metastatic Brain Tumor).
• Brain Tumor Institute

Seizure

The result of abnormal electrical impulses within the brain. This electrical activity can cause changes in behavior or involuntary muscle spasms in the affected patient. Recurring seizures are termed as Epilepsy.
• Comprehensive Epilepsy Centers

Shingles

Shingles (Herpes zoster) is an outbreak of rash or blisters on the skin that is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox—the varicella-zoster virus. The first sign of shingles is often burning or tingling pain, or sometimes numbness or itch, in one particular location on only one side of the body. After several days or a week, a rash of fluid-filled blisters, similar to chickenpox, appears in one area on one side of the body.
• Neuromuscular and Peripheral Nerve Disease Program

Skull Base Tumor

A tumor located in the region where the brain meets the skull base.
• Brain Tumor Institute

Spasmodic Dystonia

A focal dystonia that involved the vocal cords and can cause the voice to sound whispery or constricted.
• Movement Disorders Institute

Spasmodic Torticollis

Cervical dystonia, also called spasmodic torticollis, or torticollis, is the most common of the focal dystonias. In torticollis, the muscles in the neck that control the position of the head are affected, causing the head to twist and turn to one side. In addition, the head may be pulled forward or backward.
• Movement Disorders Institute

Spasticity

A condition in which certain muscles are continuously contracted. This contraction causes stiffness or tightness of the muscles and may interfere with movement, speech, and manner of walking.
• Movement Disorders Institute

Speech and Language Disorder

The inability to form sounds or articulate words correctly or the inability to comprehend another's speech.
• Neuromuscular and Peripheral Nerve Disease Program

Spinal Arteriovenous Malformation

Spinal arteriovenous malformation is a congenital defect in which arteries and veins are tangled and not connected by capillaries in the spine. The abnormal communication between artery and vein prevents the nutrient rich blood in the arteries from reaching the tissues.
• Spine Program

Spinal Cord Dysraphia

A congenital defect which causes an abnormal closure of the arches within the vertebraes of the spine.
• Spine Program

Spinal Cord Tumor

Abnormal growths of tissue found inside the bony spinal column. Benign tumors are noncancerous, and malignant tumors are cancerous. The CNS is housed within rigid, bony quarters (i.e., the skull and spinal column), so any abnormal growth, whether benign or malignant, can place pressure on sensitive tissues and impair function.
• Spine Program

Spinal Deformities

Deformities of the spine include: curvature (scoliosis), humpback (kyphosis), and saddle back (lordosis).
• Spine Program

Spinal Stenosis

Narrowing of the spine in the space at the center of the spine, the canals where nerves branch out from the spine or the space between vertebrae (the bones of the spine). This narrowing puts pressure on the spinal cord and nerves and can cause pain and/or dysfunction.
• Spine Program

Spinal Trauma

Injury to the spinal cord or the bones of the spine.
• Spine Program

Spinal Tumor

Tumors that originate in the spine (primary tumors) are rare. They can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and are caused by the abnormal growth of cells that reside in the spinal column or neural tissues. Some spinal tumors are the result of cancer that has spread from other parts of the body (secondary or metastic tumors). Secondary tumors are, by nature, malignant as they have arisen from cancerous tumors elsewhere in the body.
• Spine Program

Spine Compression Fracture

When the vertebra of the spine fractures it collapses slightly causing compression and increased pressure on the adjacent bone.
• Spine Program

Spondylolisthesis

A back condition that occurs when one vertebra extends over another, causing pressure on nerves and therefore pain.
• Spine Program

Stroke

Also referred to as a Cerebrovascular Attack (CVA) or a "brain attack"; the lack of blood supply to the brain.It can be hemorrhagic or embolic in nature. Blood supply to part of the brain is suddenly interrupted or a blood vessel in the brain bursts, spilling blood into the spaces surrounding brain cells.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Bleeding into the subarachnoid space (the space between the brain and the membranes that cover the brain)
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Syncope

The temporary loss of consciousness due to a sudden decline in blood flow to the brain. It may be caused by an irregular cardiac rate or rhythm or by changes of blood volume or distribution.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Tardive Dyskinesia

A relatively uncommon form of dystonia caused by the long-term use of neuroleptic drugs.Tardive dyskinesia is characterized by repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements. Features of the disorder may include grimacing, tongue protrusion, lip smacking, puckering and pursing, and rapid eye blinking. Rapid movements of the arms, legs, and trunk may also occur.
• Movement Disorders Institute

Tethered Cord

Tethered cord syndrome occurs when the spinal cord attaches itself to the bony spine.This progressive disorder causes abnormal stretching of the spinal cord and can result in permanent damage to the muscles and nerves in the lower body and legs.
• Chiari Institute

Thoracic Disc Herniation

A protruding or bulging of the padded areas, called discs, between the vertebrae in the chest region. The thoracic spine includes the 12 vertebrae between the cervical and lumbar spine.
• Spine Program

Tic(s)

Seen in Tourette's syndrome; a tic is an instantaneous, recurring movement or sound made by patients.
• Movement Disorders Institute

Torticollis

Torticollis is a focal dystonia that is limited to the head and neck. In most cases, due to the muscle contractions, the head tilts towards one shoulder while the chin tilts to the other. It can be associated with head tremors or jerking movements.
• Movement Disorders Institute

Tourette's Syndrome

Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder characterized by repetitive, stereotyped, involuntary movements and vocalizations called tics. Some of the more common tics include eye blinking and other vision irregularities, facial grimacing, shoulder shrugging, and head or shoulder jerking. Perhaps the most dramatic and disabling tics are those that result in self-harm such as punching oneself in the face, or vocal tics including coprolalia (uttering swear words) or echolalia (repeating the words or phrases of others).
• Movement Disorders Institute

Transient Global Amnesia

This type of amnesia consists of a temporary loss of memory. Memories of recent events are erased, leading to confusion and the inability to recall the present status of where one is.
• Neurodegenerative Program

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A transient stroke that lasts only a few minutes. It occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is briefly interrupted. TIA symptoms, which usually occur suddenly, are similar to those of stroke but do not last as long.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Transverse Myelitis

Inflammation of the grey and white matter of the spinal cord resulting demyelination.It can be the result of Multiple sclerosis, infection or of unknown cause.
• Spine Program

Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also called acquired brain injury or head injury occurs when sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. TBI can result when the head suddenly and violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue.Symptoms of a TBI can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the extent of the damage to the brain.
• Brain Injury Program

Tremor

Tremor is an unintentional, somewhat rhythmic, muscle movement involving to-and-from movements of one or more parts of the body. Most tremors occur in the hands, although they can also affect the arms, head, face, vocal cords, trunk, and legs. Sometimes tremor is a symptom of another neurological disorder, but the most common form occurs in otherwise healthy people
• Movement Disorders Institute

Trigeminal Neuralgia

Also called tic douloureux, is a chronic pain condition that causes extreme, sporadic, sudden burning or shock-like face pain.The pain seldom lasts more than a few seconds or a minute or two per episode. TN pain is typically felt on one side of the jaw or cheek. In the days before an episode begins, some patients may experience a tingling or numbing sensation or a somewhat constant and aching pain. The presumed cause of TN is a blood vessel pressing on the trigeminal nerve in the head as it exits the brainstem.
• Pain Program

Tuberous Sclerosis

Tuberous sclerosis (TSC) is a rare genetic disease that causes benign tumors to grow in the brain and on other vital organs such as the kidneys, heart, eyes, lungs, and skin.
• Neurodegenerative Program

Vascular Malformations

A few types of vascular malformations are known to be hereditary and thus are known to have a genetic basis. Some evidence also suggests that at least some of these lesions are acquired later in life as a result of injury to the central nervous system.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Vein of Galen Malformation

In arteriovenus malformations, the vein of Galen defect (named after the major blood vessel involved is frequently associated with hydrocephalus (an accumulation of fluid within certain spaces in the brain) swollen veins visible on the scalp, seizures, failure to thrive, and congestive heart failure. Children born with this condition who survive past infancy often remain developmentally impaired.
• Neurovascular and Stroke Institute

Vertebral Artery Dissection

The progression of a tear in the vertebral artery in the neck due to trauma.
• Spine Program

Vertebral Artery Stenosis

The narrowing of the vertebra artery due to the buildup of plaque (a mixture of fatty substances, including cholesterol and other lipids) and blood clots along the artery wall.
• Spine Program

Vertebral Body Compression Fracture

When a vertebra of the spine is fractured it collapses slightly causing compression and increased pressure on the adjacent bone.
• Spine Program

Vestibular/Balance Disorders

Disorders primarily affecting the inner ear where normal balance and coordination are located. Patients suffering from a vestibular disorder may experience unsteadiness or movement sensations.
• Vestibular Balance Program

Writer's Cramp

A focal dystonia that affects the upper extremity and tends to occur when the patient is writing or doing other specific tasks, such as typing or shaving. The hand tends to curl and cramp, making the task difficult. Other dystonias, referred to as task-specific dystonias, occur when a body part develops abnormal posturing during specific movements, such as playing a musical instrument. It is often treated similarly to writer's cramp.
• Movement Disorders Institute